⚁ A.13 Bergson:

A selected review of the literature.

William Tillier

June 2023


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⚂ Adams, S. J. (1954). Bergson illustrated. The Educational Forum, 18 (4), 457–465. https://doi.org/10.1080/00131725409341329

⚂ Adamson, G. D. (1999). Henri Bergson: Evolution, time and philosophy. World Futures, 54 (2), 135–162. https://doi.org/10.1080/02604027.1999.9972752

⚂ Ansell-Pearson, K., & Mullarkey, J. (Eds.). (2002). Henri Bergson: Key writings. Continuum.

⚂ Ansell-Pearson, K. (2002). Philosophy and the Adventure of the Virtual: Bergson and the time of life. London: Routledge.

⚂ Ansell-Pearson, K. (2006). The reality of the virtual: Bergson and Deleuze. MLN, 120 (5), 1112–1127. http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/mln/v120/120.5pearson.html

⚂ Ansell-Pearson, K. (2018). Bergson. Thinking beyond the human condition. London: Bloomsbury.

⚂ Azambuja, M. A. de, Guareschi, N. M. de F., & Baum, C. (2014). Henri Bergson’s contribution to the invention of a psychology in duration. Theory & Psychology, 24 (2), 186–198. https://doi.org/10.1177/0959354314525875

⚂ Bachelard, G. (2000). The dialectic of duration. (M. Mcallester Jones, trans.). Clinamen Press.

⚂ Barnard, G. W. (2011). Living consciousness: The metaphysical vision of Henri Bergson. SUNY Press.

⚂ Başar, E., & Güntekin, B. (2009). An essay on Darwin’s theory and Bergson’s creative evolution in the era of neuroquantology. NeuroQuantology, 7 (4). https://doi.org/10.14704/nq.2009.7.4.256

⚂ Bergson, H. (1910). Time and free will: An essay on the immediate data of consciousness. (F. L. Pogson, trans.). Sonnenschein.

⚂ Bergson, H. (1911). Creative evolution. (A. Mitchell, trans.). Macmillan.

⚂ Bergson, H. (1911). Laughter: An essay on the meaning of the comic. (C. Brereton & F. Rothwell, trans.). Macmillan.

⚂ Bergson, H. (1911). Matter and memory. (N. M. Paul & W. S. Palmer, trans.). Allen & Unwin.

⚂ Bergson, H. (1912). An introduction to metaphysics. (T. E. Hulme, trans.). G. P. Putnam.

⚂ Bergson, H. (1912). Life and consciousness. The Hibbert Journal, X, 24-44.

⚂ Bergson, H. (1914). Dreams. (E. E. Slosson, trans.). T. Fisher Unwin.

⚂ Bergson, H. (1915). The meaning of the war: Life & Matter in conflict. Unwin.

⚂ Bergson, H. (1920). Mind-energy: Lectures and essays. (H. W. Carr, trans.). Macmillan.

⚂ Bergson, H. (1935). The two sources of morality and religion. (C. Brereton, R. A. Audra, & W. H. Carter, trans.). Macmillan.

⚂ Bergson, H. (1946). The Creative mind. (M. L. Andison, trans.). Philosophical Library.

⚂ Bergson, H. (1958). The world of dreams. (W. Baskin, trans.). Philosophical Library.

⚂ Bergson, H. (1959). The Philosophy of poetry: The genius of Lucretius. (W. Baskin, Ed. & trans.). Philosophical Library.

⚂ Bergson, H. (1965). Duration and simultaneity, with reference to Einstein’s theory. (L. Jacobson, trans.). Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill.

⚂ Bergson, H. (2012). The creative mind: An introduction to metaphysics. Dover Publications.

⚂ Bergson, H. (2001). Time and free will: An essay on the immediate data of consciousness. (F. L. Pogson, trans.) (3rd ed.). Dover. Originally published 1913

⚂ Bergson, H. (2023). Creative evolution (D. A. Landes, Trans.). Routledge.
First published in French in 1907, Henri Bergson’s L’évolution créatrice is a scintillating and radical work by one of the great French philosophers of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. This outstanding new translation, the first for over a hundred years, brings one of Bergson’s most important and ambitious works to a new generation of readers. … A sympathetic though critical reader of Darwin, Bergson argues in Creative Evolution against a mechanistic, reductionist view of evolution. For Bergson, all life emerges from a creative, shared impulse, which he famously terms élan vital and which passes like a current through different organisms and generations over time. Whilst this impulse remains as forms of life diverge and multiply, human life is characterized by a distinctive form of consciousness or intellect that is modeled upon how objects or parts of objects are juxtaposed in space. Yet as Bergson brilliantly shows, the intellect’s fragmentary and action-oriented nature, which he likens to the cinematograph, means it alone cannot grasp nature’s creativity and invention over time. A major task of Creative Evolution is to reconcile these two elements. For Bergson, the answer famously lies in intuition, which brings instinct and intellect together and takes us “into the very interior of life.” … A work of great rigor and imaginative richness that contributed to Bergson winning the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1927, Creative Evolution played an important and controversial role in the trajectory of twentieth-century philosophy and continues to create significant discussion and debate. The philosopher and psychologist William James, who admired Bergson’s work, was writing an introduction to the first English translation of the book before his death in 1910. … This new translation includes a foreword by Elizabeth Grosz and a helpful translator’s introduction by Donald Landes. Also translated for the first time are additional notes, articles, reviews, and letters on the reception of Creative Evolution in biology, mathematics, and theology. This edition includes fascinating commentaries by philosophers Maurice Merleau-Ponty, Georges Canguilhem, and Gilles Deleuze.

⚂ Bianco, G. (2020). Bergson and the spiritualist origins of the ideology of creativity in philosophy. British Journal for the History of Philosophy, 28 (5), 1031–1052. https://doi.org/10.1080/09608788.2019.1684240

⚂ Bjelland, A. G. (1974). Bergson’s dualism in Time and free will. Process Studies, 4, 83–106.

⚂ Canales, J. (2015). The physicist and the philosopher: Einstein, Bergson and the debate that changed our understanding of time. Princeton Press.

⚂ Čapek, M. (1971). Bergson and modern physics: A reinterpretation and re-evaluation. Reidel.

⚂ Carr, H. W. (1918). What does Bergson mean by pure perception? Mind, 27, 472–474. https://doi.org/10.1093/mind/XXVII.4.472

⚂ Carvalho, M. (2012). The bio-philosophical “insufficiency” of Darwinism for Henri Bergson’s metaphysical evolutionism. Process Studies. http://www.pdcnet.org/process/content/process_2012_0041_0001_0133_0149

⚂ Cassou-Nogues, P. (2005). The unity of events: Whitehead and two critics, Russell and Bergson. Southern Journal of Philosophy, 43 (4), 545–559. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2041-6962.2005.tb01968.x

⚂ Chambers, C. J. (1974). Zeno of Elea and Bergson’s neglected thesis. Journal of the History of Philosophy, 12, 63–76. https://doi.org/10.1353/hph.2008.0496

⚂ Costelloe, K. (1912). What Bergson means by “interpenetration.” Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society, 13, 131–155. https://doi.org/10.2307/4543838

⚂ Crocker, S. (2013). Bergson and the metaphysics of media. Palgrave Macmillan.

⚂ Deleuze, G. (1988). Bergsonism. (H. Tomlinson & B. Habberjam, trans.). Zone Books.

⚂ Dolbeault, J. (2018). Bergson’s panpsychism. Continental Philosophy Review, 51 (4), 549–564. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11007-018-9446-8

⚂ Douglass, P. (1986). Bergson, Eliot, and American literature. Univ. Press of Kentucky.

⚂ Durie, R. (2004). The mathematical basis of Bergson’s philosophy. Journal of the British Society for Phenomenology, 35 (1), 54–67. https://doi.org/10.1080/00071773.2004.11007422

⚂ Durie, R. (2010). Wandering among shadows: The Discordance of time in Levinas and Bergson. Southern Journal of Philosophy, 48, 371–392. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2041-6962.2010.00039.x

⚂ During, E. (2004). A history of problems: Bergson and the french epistemological tradition. Journal of the British Society for Phenomenology, 35 (1), 4–23. https://doi.org/10.1080/00071773.2004.11007419

⚂ Feldman, A. (2016). The concept in life and the life of the concept: Canguilhem’s final reckoning with Bergson. Journal of French and Francophone Philosophy, 24 (2), 154–175. https://doi.org/10.5195/jffp.2016.775

⚂ Fell, E. (2012). Duration, temporality, self: Prospects for the future of Bergsonism. Peter Lang AG.
According to Bergson, time is an integral feature of real things, just as much as their material or size. When a flower grows, it takes a period of real time for it to flourish, which cannot be quickened or slowed down, nor can it be eliminated from the process of growth. Bergson named this real time ‘duration’ and argued that everything and everyone exist as duration, and that internal processes flow into one another, with no clear boundaries that separate one phase of duration from another. According to Bergson’s philosophy, the past does not disappear but smoothly flows into the present, forming an indivisible dynamic unity.

⚂ Foley, M. (2013). Life lessons from Bergson. Pan Macmillan.

⚂ Ford, R. (2004). Immanence and method: Bergson’s early reading of Spinoza. Southern Journal of Philosophy, 42 (2), 171–192. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2041-6962.2004.tb00995.x

⚂ Gayon, J. (2005). Bergson’s spiritualist metaphysics and the sciences. In Continental Philosophy of Science (pp. 43–58). Blackwell.

⚂ Gillies, M. A. (1996). Henri Bergson and British modernism. McGill-Queen’s Univ. Press.

⚂ Gontarski, S. E., Ardoin, P., & Mattison, L. (Eds.). (2012). Understanding Bergson, understanding modernism. Bloomsbury Academic.

⚂ Grosz, Elizabeth. (2004). The nick of time: Politics, evolution, and the untimely. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.

⚂ Guerlac, S. (2005). Thinking in time: Henri Bergson (an interdisciplinary conference). MLN, 120 (5), 1091–1091. https://doi.org/10.1353/mln.2006.0009

⚂ Guerlac, S. (2006). Thinking in time: An introduction to Henri Bergson. Cornell Univ. Press.

⚂ Gunter, P. A. Y. (1971). Bergson’s theory of matter and modern cosmology. Journal of the History of Ideas, 32, 525–542. https://doi.org/10.2307/2708975

⚂ Gunter, P. A. Y. (1986). Henri Bergson: A bibliography. Philosophy Documentation Center, Bowling Green State University.

⚂ Gunter, P. A. Y. (1999). Bergson, mathematics, and creativity. Process Studies, 28 (3–4), 268–288.

⚂ Gunter, P. A. Y. (2005). Temporal hierarchy in Bergson and Whitehead. Interchange, 36 (1–2), 139–157. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10780-005-2350-2

⚂ Hausman, C. R. (1999). Bergson, Peirce, and reflective intuition. Process Studies, 28 (3–4), 289–300.

⚂ Henri Bergson 1859-1941. (2003). Culture and Organization, 9 (1), 1–1. https://doi.org/10.1080/14759550302800

⚂ Henri Bergson. (2023, May 29). In Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Bergson

⚂ Herman, D. (1980). The Philosophy of Henri Bergson. Univ. Press of America.

⚂ Herring, E. (2018). “Great is Darwin and Bergson his poet”: Julian Huxley’s other evolutionary synthesis. Annals of Science, 75 (1), 40–54. https://doi.org/10.1080/00033790.2017.1407442

⚂ Hirai, Y. (Ed.). (2023). Bergson's scientific metaphysics: Matter and memory today. Bloomsbury Publishing.
This collection of essays is based on the international symposium titled ‘The Anatomy of Matter and Memory: Bergson and Contemporary Theories of Perception, Time, and Mind’ held in Tokyo and Kyoto, Japan, in December 2015. It includes essays based on the manuscripts presented by all twelve presenters, three short chapters inspired by them (chapters 5, 10 and 15) and the ‘manifesto’ (see below, chapter 16). … As the title of the symposium indicates, this project aims to thoroughly examine the philosophical potential of Henri Bergson’s masterpiece Matter and Memory – said to be his most difficult book – by examining it from the perspective of contemporary analytical metaphysics and scientific theory. In fact, given the science-informed metaphysical nature of the original work, this is not the first attempt to establish such a connection between Bergson and modern science. Our study would not have been feasible without those previous studies conducted in the 1980s and 1990s (Gallois and Forzy 1997, Mullarkey 1999, Papanicolaou and Gunter 1987). However, because of the changes in the field described below, the present attempt introduces new meaning that has remained underexamined in previous studies.

⚂ Horkheimer, M. (2005). On Bergson’s metaphysics of time. Radical Philosophy: A Journal of Socialist and Feminist Philosophy, 131, 9–19. https://www.radicalphilosophy.com/article/on-bergsons-metaphysics-of-time

⚂ James, W. (1910). Bradley or Bergson? The Journal of Philosophy, Psychology and Scientific Methods, 7 (2), 29–29. https://doi.org/10.2307/2010900

⚂ James, W. (1996). Bergson and his critique of intellectualism. In A pluralistic universe. 223–74. University of Nebraska Press.

⚂ James, W. (2018). A pluralistic universe. Sheba Blake.

⚂ Jankelevitch, V. (2015). Henri Bergson. Duke University Press Books.

⚂ Kebede, M. (2019). Bergson’s philosophy of self-overcoming: Thinking without negativity or time as striving. Palgrave Macmillan.

⚂ Kelly, M. (Ed.). (2010). Bergson and phenomenology. Palgrave Macmillan.

⚂ Khandker, W. (2013). The idea of will and organic evolution in Bergson’s philosophy of life. Continental Philosophy Review, 46 (1), 57–74. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11007-013-9248-y

⚂ Khandker, W. (2022). Henri Bergson. Oxford Bibliographies Online in Philosophy. doi: 10.1093/obo/9780195396577-0259 https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/display/document/obo-9780195396577/obo-9780195396577-0259.xml

⚂ Kreps, D. (2015), Bergson, complexity and creative emergence. Palgrave Macmillan.

⚂ Kügler, P. (2021). What Bergson should have said about special relativity. Synthese, 198 (11), 10273–10288. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11229-020-02716-x

⚂ Lacey, A. R. (1998). “Bergson, Henri-Louis.” In Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Vol. 1. Edited by Edward Craig. London: Routledge.
A good resource for undergraduate students interested in a thematic overview of Bergson’s thought, commencing with his interest in the concept of time and culminating in his biological and sociobiological reflections.

⚂ Lapoujade, D. (2005). The normal and the pathological in Bergson. MLN, 120 (5), 1146–1155. http://muse.jhu.edu/content/crossref/journals/mln/v120/120.5lapoujade.html

⚂ Lapoujade, D. (2018). Powers of time: Versions of Bergson. (A. Goffey, Trans.). Univocal University of Minnesota Press.

⚂ Lawlor, L. (2003). The challenge of Bergsonism: Phenomenology, ontology, ethics. Continuum.

⚂ Lawlor, L. (2004). What immanence? What transcendence? The prioritization of intuition over language in Bergson. Journal of the British Society for Phenomenology, 35 (1), 24–41. https://doi.org/10.1080/00071773.2004.11007420

⚂ Lawlor, L., & Moulard-Leonard, V. (Winter 2022 Edition). Henri Bergson. The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Edward N. Zalta & Uri Nodelman (Eds.). https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2022/entries/bergson.

⚂ Le Roy, E. (1913). A new philosophy: Henri Bergson. Henry Holt.

⚂ Lefebvre, A., & White, M. (2010). Bergson on Durkheim: Society sui generis. Journal of Classical Sociology, 10 (4), 457–477. https://doi.org/10.1177/1468795X10385186

⚂ Lefebvre, A., & White, M. (Eds.). (2012). Bergson, politics, and religion. Duke University Press.

⚂ Lindsay, A. D. (1911). The philosophy of Bergson. J. M. Dent.

⚂ Linstead, S., & Mullarkey, J. (2003). Time, creativity and culture: Introducing Bergson. Culture and Organization, 9 (1), 3–13. https://doi.org/10.1080/14759550302799

⚂ Lorand, R. (1992). Bergson’s concept of order. Journal of the History of Philosophy, 30 (4), 579–595. https://doi.org/10.1353/hph.1992.0067

⚂ Lovasz, A. (2021). Updating Bergson. A philosophy of the enduring present. Lexington Books.

⚂ Lundy, C. (2018). Deleuze's Bergsonism. EUP.
Criticisms advanced by contemporaries of Bergson must be read with this contextual backdrop in mind. Bergson was not merely a philosopher, he was “the most dangerous man in the world” (Lippmann 1912: 100–1). Julien Benda, the self-proclaimed ‘anti-Bergson,’ certainly felt this way, announcing that he “would happily have killed Bergson if this was the only way to destroy his influence” (Grogin 1988: ix). The vague-but pervasive influence of Bergsonism also helps to account for why Bergson was criticised from all directions. Attacks on Bergson were mounted from the Left and the Right, the Catholic Church and Jewish intellectuals, the apostles of ‘science’ and defenders of philosophical tradition in the Sorbonne – “not only, then, his natural enemies, but the enemies of his enemies” (Merleau-Ponty 1962: 133). … Although the work of Julien Benda has been largely forgotten today, the same cannot be said for two of Bergson’s other major critics: Bertrand Russell and Albert Einstein. Russell’s unfavourable estimation of Bergson is most widely known from his bestselling History of Western Philosophy. 5 Of Russell’s thirty-one chapters in this text, only the last four deal with contemporary figures: Bergson, James, Dewey, and “the philosophy of logical analysis.” But while Russell felt obliged to include an entry on Bergson, he did his utmost to tarnish Bergson’s reputation in the process. Aside from claiming in his opening that Bergson’s philosophy “harmonized easily with the movement which culminated in Vichy,” Russell equates Bergson with ants and bees (in contrast to humans) – presumably an attempt at humour, but one that demonstrates how poorly Russell read Bergson (Russell 1945: 791 and 793). 6 Perhaps of even greater consequence for his reputation was Bergson’s confrontation with Einstein. In April of 1922 Bergson and Einstein locked horns at the Société française de philosophie. After listening to Bergson speak for half an hour about the nature of time, space and his interpretation of special relativity, Einstein dismissively replied that the time of which the philosopher speaks does not exist – there is only a psychological time that differs from the time of physicists (Canales 2015: 5). In the ensuing controversy, vigorously pursued by advocates of the two intellectual giants, Bergson was perceived by many to have lost the debate. … The direct harm caused by Russell and Einstein’s personal opinions of Bergson, however, should not be overplayed. Of far greater import for the future reception of Bergson were the broader directions that academia took following the zenith of Bergsonism. As Jimena Canales notes, the debate between Bergson and Einstein marks an important moment in the twentieth-century process whereby ‘science,’ whatever is meant by that term, is partitioned from ‘the rest’ of academia (Canales 2015: 7). Bergson’s fate is thus caught up in the more general movement by which science eclipses philosophy, which perhaps explains why Bergson is barely mentioned in the existing biographies of Einstein despite the significance of their disagreement during the 1920s (Canales 2015: 359). As for the discipline of philosophy itself, it too headed in new directions after the Great War that could not accommodate a place for Bergson: on the one hand, the so-called ‘analytic’ tradition (which presently dominates most philosophy departments) and on the other hand a tradition stemming from German existentialism, Hegelianism, and the phenomenology of Husserl and Heidegger. While the former tradition viewed Bergson to be ‘anti-intellectual,’ proponents of the latter frequently portrayed him as a naïve psychologist out of step with the new vogue. As a result, Bergson was largely considered by the next generation of philosophers to be passé – that is when he was considered at all.

⚂ Marrati, P. (2005). Time, life, concepts: The newness of Bergson. MLN, 120 (5), 1099–1111. https://doi.org/10.1353/mln.2006.0018

⚂ Marrati, P. (2010). The natural cyborg: The stakes of Bergson’s philosophy of evolution. Southern Journal of Philosophy, 48 (Suppl), 3–17. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2041-6962.2010.00017.x

⚂ Maude, U. (2016). Chronic conditions: Beckett, Bergson and Samuel Johnson. Journal of Medical Humanities, 37 (2), 193–204. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10912-015-9372-2

⚂ McNamara, P. (1996). Bergson’s matter and memory and modern selectionist theories of memory. Brain & Cognition, 30 (2), 215–231. https://doi.org/10.1006/brcg.1996.0014

⚂ Merleau-Ponty, M. (1963). Bergson. In praise of philosophy and other essays. (J. O'Neill, trans.). Northwestern University Press, 9–32.

⚂ Merleau-Ponty, M. (1964). Bergson in the making. In Signs. (R. McCleary, trans.). Northwestern University Press. 182–91.

⚂ Miquel, P.-A. (2007). Bergson and Darwin: From an immanentist to an emergentist approach to evolution. SubStance, 36 (3), 42–56. https://doi.org/10.1353/sub.2007.0046

⚂ Moore, F. C. T. (1996). Bergson: Thinking backwards. Cambridge University Press

⚂ Morkovsky, M. C. (1972). Intellectual analysis in Bergson’s theory of knowing. Journal of the History of Philosophy, 10, 43–54. https://doi.org/10.1353/hph.2008.1560

⚂ Mudge, I. G. (1913). A Contribution to a bibliography of Henri Bergson. Columbia University Press.

⚂ Mullarkey, J. (1995). Bergson’s method of multiplicity. Metaphilosophy, 26 (3), 230–259. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9973.1995.tb00571.x

⚂ Mullarkey, J. (1999). Bergson and philosophy. Edinburgh University Press.
A comprehensive introduction to the works and key ideas of Henri Bergson. The first four chapters are organized into surveys of four main texts, including Matter and Memory and The Two Sources. It then explores a number of Bergson’s key problems, organized thematically to cover ethics, ontology, methodology, and metaphilosophy.

⚂ Mullarkey, J. (2004). Forget the virtual: Bergson, actualism, and the refraction of reality. Continental Philosophy Review, 37 (4), 469–493. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11007-005-7097-z

⚂ Mullarkey, J. (Ed.). (1999). The new Bergson. Manchester University Press.

⚂ Paul, Z. (2016). Gathering intelligence from Taine to Bergson. L’Esprit Créateur, 56 (4), 146–159. https://doi.org/10.1353/esp.2016.0048

⚂ Peña-Guzmán, D. M. (2020). Bergson’s philosophical method: At the edge of phenomenology and mathematics. Continental Philosophy Review, 53 (1), 85–101. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11007-020-09487-9

⚂ Pilkington, A. E. (1962). Bergson and his influence: A reassessment. Columbia Univ. Press.

⚂ Popova, M. (2021, July 29). Creative evolution: French philosopher Henri Bergson on intuition vs. the intellect. The Marginalian. https://www.themarginalian.org/2012/08/07/henri-bergson-on-intuition-vs-intellect/

⚂ Posteraro, T. S. (2022). Bergson’s Philosophy of biology: Virtuality, tendency and time. EUP.
This is a book on Henri Bergson as a philosopher of biology, for readers new to Bergson, Bergson scholars, and philosophers of science interested in but unfamiliar with his views.

⚂ Prigogine, I. (1984). Thinking in time: Henri Bergson (an interdisciplinary conference). Zygon, 19 (4), 433–447. http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/j.1467-9744.1984.tb00940.x

⚂ Robbins, S. E. (2006). Bergson and the holographic theory of mind. Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences, 5 (3–4), 365–394. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11097-006-9023-1

⚂ Rotenstreich, N. (1972). Bergson and the transformations of the notion of intuition. Journal of the History of Philosophy, 10, 335–346. https://doi.org/10.1353/hph.2008.1398

⚂ Roy, E. L. (2014). A new philosophy: Henri Bergson. (V. Benson, Trans.). Duke Classics. Originally published 1912

⚂ Ruse, M. (2002). The critique of intellect: Henri Bergson’s prologue to an organic epistemology. Continental Philosophy Review, 35 (3), 281–302. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1022689023583

⚂ Russell, B. (Ed.). (1946). History of western philosophy. In Bergson. (pp. 819–838). George Allen & Unwin.

⚂ Russell. B. (1912). The philosophy of Bergson. The Monist, 22, 321–47.

⚂ Ruyer, R., Posteraro, T. S., & Roffe, J. (2019). Instinct, consciousness, life: Ruyer contra Bergson. Angelaki, 24 (5), 124–147. https://doi.org/10.1080/0969725X.2019.1655283

⚂ Salley, K. (2015). On duration and developing variation: The intersecting ideologies of Henri Bergson and Arnold Schoenberg. Music Theory Online, 21 (4). https://mtosmt.org/issues/mto.15.21.4/mto.15.21.4.salley.html

⚂ Scott, D. (2006). The concept of time and the being of the clock: Bergson, Einstein, Heidegger, and the interrogation of the temporality of modernism. Continental Philosophy Review, 39 (2), 183–213. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11007-006-9023-4

⚂ Sinclair, M. (2020). Bergson. Routledge.
In this clear and engaging introduction, Mark Sinclair examines the full range of Bergson’s work. The book sheds new light on familiar aspects of Bergson’s thought, but also examines often ignored aspects of his work, such as his philosophy of art, his philosophy of technology and the relation of his philosophical doctrines to his political commitments. After an illuminating overview of his life and work, chapters are devoted to the following topics:
– the experience of time as duration
–the experience of freedom
–memory
–mind and world
–laughter and humour
– knowledge
–art and creativity
–the élan vital as a theory of biological life
–ethics, religion, war and modern technology.
–Contains a Chronology.

⚂ Sinclair, M., & Wolf, Y. (Eds.). (2022). The Bergsonian mind. Routledge.
The Bergsonian Mind is an outstanding, wide-ranging volume covering the major aspects of Bergson’s thought, from his early influences to his continued relevance and legacy. Thirty-six chapters by an international team of leading Bergson scholars are divided into five parts:
–Sources and Scene
–Mind and World
–Ethics and Politics
–Reception
–Bergson and Contemporary Thought.
In these sections, fundamental topics are examined, including time, freedom and determinism, memory, perception, evolutionary theory, pragmatism and art. Bergson’s impact beyond philosophy is also explored in chapters on Bergson and spiritualism, physics, biology, cinema and post-colonial thought.

⚂ Smith, S. G. (2002). The mind-matter inversions: Bergson’s conception of mental and material actuality. Southern Journal of Philosophy, 40 (2), 295–314. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2041-6962.2002.tb01902.x

⚂ Stephen, K. (1922). The misuse of mind: A study of Bergson’s attack on intellectualism. Kegan Paul.

⚂ Thomas, H. (Ed.). (1962). The Bergsonian heritage. Columbia Univ. Press.

⚂ Timmons, M. C. (1977). The methodological principles of Plato and Bergson. Transactions of the Nebraska Academy of Sciences and Affiliated Societies. 455. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/tnas/455

⚂ Vaughan, M., Kolkman, M., & Vaughan, M. (2007). Introduction: Henri Bergson’s creative evolution. SubStance, 36 (3), 7–24. https://doi.org/10.1353/sub.2007.0051

⚂ Vrahimis, A. (2020). Sense data and logical relations: Karin Costelloe-Stephen and Russell’s critique of Bergson. British Journal for the History of Philosophy, 28 (4), 819–844. https://doi.org/10.1080/09608788.2019.1671311

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