.
In 2007 I was pleased to provide a biography of Kazimierz Dabrowski for Sal Mendaglio's book on Dabrowski (Mendaglio, 2008, Tillier, 2007). I recently discovered a biography of Dabrowski published in a Polish journal by Tadeusz Kobierzycki and translated by Anna Przybylek (Kobierzycki, 2000). This biography provided several significant insights and filled in a number of small but important details, therefore, I have revised and updated Dabrowski's biography taking Kobierzycki's important insights into account.
I am proud to provide a biography of Dabrowski as he had a profound effect on my life. I was just beginning my master's program in Edmonton when one of his colleagues, Marlene Rankel, picked me out of a crowd and said "I have a book for you to read and someone for you to meet." Reading the book (Dabrowski, 1972) gave me a unique perspective and insight into my personality and life history that I had never had before and I couldn't wait to meet him. I certainly wasn't disappointed, and it was my privilege to be his student and later, to receive his unpublished papers.
Over the years that I knew him, I developed a tremendous appreciation for many aspects of Dr. Dabrowski, but two particularly stand out. First, in my life experience, he was a unique human being. He had a tremendous energy about him, an animation, a twinkle in his eye, and yet he also had a tremendous sense of calm about him. He was extremely gracious and one of the most humble people I've ever met. Above all, Dabrowski had a tremendous sense of compassion and an ability to look you in the eye and deeply connect with you - I recall an occasion I was asking him about my anxiety and he put his hand on my shoulder and said, "ah yes, but this is not so negative." You couldn't help but feel better after just sitting beside him.
My second appreciation was academic. Dabrowski, a truly Renaissance man, had an astounding command of world cultures, the arts, philosophy, medicine, neurology and, of course, psychiatry and psychology. The list of people Dabrowski mentored under or worked with is literally a Who's Who of psychiatry and psychology, for example, Blachowski, Mazurkiewicz, Bovet, Piaget, Claparède, Stekel, Janet, Mayer, Mowrer and Maslow. While many of these people had a major effect on Dabrowski, his theory stands as a complete and unique system of thought. The more one tries to dissect it, the more its comprehensiveness and integration become obvious. My appreciation for his body of work has grown over the years as I have come to know it more intimately.
One of my proudest moments came when Dabrowski, late in his life, asked me to keep his theory alive after his passing. I have honored his request through my Dabrowski website (Tillier, 2008) and the dissemination of his original writings. In the process, over the last 20 years, I have had the privilege of being friends with his daughter, Joanna (also a psychologist). There is no question that Dabrowski left a tremendous legacy, both in terms of his family and in the theory he gave us. In reflecting back on Dabrowski, it seems so obvious that he was a human being who lived his theory: he strove to meet his own high standards and acted as an exemplar by action - whatever the peril, you could sense he always chose the higher path in his life.
Dabrowski's Early Life
Kazimierz Dabrowski was born September 1, 1902 in Klarów, Lublin, Poland. Dabrowski's father, Antoni, was an agricultural administrator. Kazimierz was one of four children; he had an older brother and a younger brother and sister. Reflecting on the early death of his sister, Dabrowski said, "I learned about death very early in my life. Death appeared to me not just something threatening and incomprehensible, but as something that one must experience emotionally and cognitively at a close range. When I was six my little three-year-old sister died of meningitis" (Dabrowski, 1975, p. 233).
One of the most significant early influences on Dabrowski was his first hand experience of World War I. He spoke of being particularly affected by observing the aftermath of a major battle that occurred near his hometown. As Dabrowski walked among the dead soldiers laying in his former playfield, he related how he was fascinated by the various positions their bodies took and the different expressions frozen on their faces. Some seemed calm and peaceful while others appeared horrified and frightened (K. Dabrowski, personal communication, 1977). Again, Dabrowski was forced to confront death and try to make sense of the war and its brutality.
Dabrowski's early education took place at home where he had a rich family exposure to books and music. His formal education began when he went to the Male College Szkola Lubelska in Lublin where Catholic priests and pastors schooled him. "In 1921 being still a grammar school student he entered Katolicki Universytet Lubelski, Faculty of Polish Studies as a listener. He also attended philosophy and psychology lectures. Jacek Woroniecki (1878 - 1949) and Henryk Jakubanis (1878 - 1949) were among his teachers. Before obtaining his secondary school certificate he passed the first and the second year university exams" (Kobierzycki, 2000, p. 276). His education continued in Lublin, attending university where he studied psychology, philosophy and literature. He moved to Poznan in 1924 and became a second year philosophy student. He also attended Polish studies lectures from Stefan Blachowski (1889 - 1962), Florian Znaniecki (1882 - 1958) and Czeslaw Znamierowski (1888 - 1967) (Kobierzycki, 2000). Dabrowski completed a Masters of philosophy at the University of Poznan. During his studies his best friend and classmate inexplicably committed suicide. At the time, Dabrowski was uncertain of his future and was contemplating becoming a professional musician. After his friend's suicide he decided to enter medicine and study human behaviour (M. Rankel, personal communication, January, 2007).
In 1926 Dabrowski entered Warsaw University, Faculty of Medicine. There, the eminent Polish psychiatrist, Jan Mazurkiewicz (1896 - 1988), had a profound influence on Dabrowski's thinking.
In 1928, Dabrowski was given a grant from the Polish National Culture Foundation to study psychology and education at the Jean-Jacques Rousseau Institute in Geneva. Dabrowski's instructors included the educator Pierre Bovet (1878 - 1965), the neurologist and child psychologist Édouard Claparède (1873 - 1940) and philosopher - psychologist Jean Piaget (1896 - 1980) (Aronson, 1964; Kobierzycki, 2000). Dabrowski received his medical degree from the Forensic Medicine Department of the University of Geneva in 1929, completing a doctoral thesis on suicide, entitled Les conditions psycholopique du suicide [The Psychological Conditions of Suicide] (Dabrowski, 1929). Dabrowski continued postgraduate studies at the Institute. After completing these studies in 1931, Dabrowski was offered an assistant position at the Institute but decided to return to Poland instead (Kobierzycki, 2000). Dabrowski's curriculum vitae (2) indicate that in 1929 he also received a Certificat de Pedagogie [Teaching Certificate], from the University of Geneva.
Upon his return, Dabrowski completed a study he had begun with Professor Blachowski, and nostrificated a doctor's philosophy degree in psychology from the University of Poznan, 1931 (Kobierzycki, 2000). Dabrowski's thesis (Dabrowski, 1934a) focused on self-mutilation and was supervised by Blachowski (Kobierzycki, 2000)(3). Dabrowski also nostrificated a second medical diploma from the University of Poznan, 1931 (Kobierzycki, 2000).
From 1931 to 1933, Dabrowski was a lecturer in Child Psychology and Psychopathology, at the Free Polish University, Warsaw. "In 1931 he organised a clinic for neurotic, mentally disabled and being in moral danger children. In 1932 he established Childish Neuropsychiatry Ward in the Public Hospital situated at Zaota Street" (Kobierzycki, 2000, p. 276). Aronson (1964) also indicates that in 1931, Dabrowski studied child psychiatry in Paris under George Heuyer (1884 - 1977), a pioneer of child psychiatry in France. In 1932 Dabrowski received a two year research scholarship from the National Culture Fund to study in Vienna and Paris. In Vienna he studied at the Institute of Active Psychoanalysis under fellow Pole, Wilhelm Stekel (1868 - 1940) and was qualified as psychoanalyst (4). Kobierzycki (2000, p. 276) says; "This diploma authorised him to conduct psychoanalysis practice." Dabrowski "met most of the great psychoanalytic personalities, including Sigmund Freud" (K. Dabrowski, personal communication, 1977). In Paris he took up a practice in clinical psychiatry and psychopathology at the Institute of Mental Prophylaxis and Applied Psychology under the guidance of J. M. Lahy and the French neurologist and psychologist, Pierre Janet (1859 - 1947). "He passed an examination on a thesis on psychopathology of a child presented to qualify himself as assistant professor in 1934 under the guidance of professor E. Claparède and worked with him as privatdozent" [a licensed teacher or lecturer] in child psychiatry at the University of Geneva (Kobierzycki, 2000, p. 276).
In 1933, by invitation of the Rockefeller Foundation, Dabrowski and his first wife went to Harvard University to study at the School of Public Health (5). From 1933 to 1934, Dabrowski studied under C. Macfie Campbell, Director of the Boston Psychopathic Hospital and William Healy, first Director of the Judge Baker Foundation (Aronson, 1964). Kobierzycki (2000) says that during this time Dabrowski also participated in a practice at the clinic of Adolf Mayer (1866 - 1950) at Johns Hopkins University.
Dabrowski returned to Poland in 1934 and created the Polish League of Mental Hygiene and became its secretary. With the financial help of the Rockefeller Foundation and the goodwill of the Ministry of Social Welfare, Dabrowski organised the Institute of Mental Hygiene and became its leader (Kobierzycki, 2000). By 1938, branches of the Institute had been set up in Cieszyn, Gdynia, Kraków, Lublin, aóda, Stanislawów and Wilno (Kobierzycki, 2000). From 1935 to 1948, except for the interruption of the German occupation, Dabrowski was the director of the Institute (Aronson, 1964). In 1937 Dabrowski founded the Society of Moral Culture. "In 1939 he bought Zagórze - Dwór estate in order to create a sanatorium for neurotic children" (Kobierzycki, 2000, p. 277).
Meanwhile, Dabrowski embarked on his prolific writing career, for example, publishing works on behaviourism (Dabrowski, 1934b), self-mutilation (Dabrowski, 1934a) and, in 1935, a major work, Nervousness of children and youth (Dabrowski, 1935). In 1937, the first signs of the theory of positive disintegration could be clearly seen in Dabrowski's first exposure to a North American audience in the English monograph "The Psychological Basis of Self-Mutilation" published with the assistance of C. M. Campbell (who also provided a preface) (Dabrowski, 1937). Dabrowski (1938) followed up with another Polish article, Typy wzmozonej pobudliwoaci psychicznej. [Types of increased psychic excitability].
In the late 1930's, Dabrowski was involved with an anthroposophy association dedicated to the work of Rudolf Steiner (1861 - 1925) in England run by Alice Baily, Cambridge Wells, Kent. Dabrowski studied Steiner, a polymath best known for developing Anthroposophy (a spiritual science) and Waldorf education. Parapsychology and Eastern studies interested Dabrowski and he practiced meditation daily.
World War Two and the Post War Years: Humanitarianism and Imprisonment
The details of Dabrowski's life during the war years are sketchy, but there is no doubt that they were very difficult. Aronson indicated that "of the 400 Polish psychiatrists practicing before the war... only thirty-eight survived" (Aronson, 1964, p. x). Dabrowski's younger brother was killed in 1941, while his older brother was captured in the Warsaw Insurrection and sent to a concentration camp. In 1939, the Germans closed the Institute of Mental Hygiene in Warsaw and Dabrowski shifted his operations to the Zagórze estate. "In 1942 he founded College of Mental Hygiene and Applied Psychology, which obtained academic rights granted by Polish un-derground authorities. Due to co-operation with Polish underground authorities Dabrowski was able to provide hiding-place to soldiers of Armia Krajowa, refugees from Warsaw ghetto, doctors and priests acting in conspiracy. In autumn 1942 Dabrowski was arrested by Gestapo and put into jail together with Maria Zebrowska in Aleja Szucha and Pawiak in Warsaw at first and later in Montelupich in Kraków. After a few month investigation Dabrowski was set free and came back to his work to Zagórze" (Kobierzycki, 2000, p. 277). Dabrowski's second wife, Eugenia (whom he married in 1940, his first wife having passed away of tuberculosis), was apparently instrumental in negotiating his eventual release. Contrary to speculations by Kaminski Battaglia (2002), Dabrowski was never in Auschwitz (6). Kobierzycki (2000) said that Dabrowski had planned to use the Institute as a Hospital for insurgents' in preparation for a Warsaw uprising but that these plans were never realized. Dabrowski returned to Warsaw and resumed his former position of director of the Institute of Mental Hygiene, it now being transformed into the High School of Mental Hygiene, in Warsaw and by 1948 there were 12 branches and 20 dispensaries (Kobierzycki, 2000). Dabrowski said that during his wartime experiences he saw examples of both the lowest possible inhuman behavior as well as acts of the highest human character.
Dabrowski obtained his specialty as a psychiatrist in June 1948 under Adrian Demianowski (1887 - 1959) at Wroclaw University (Kobierzycki, 2000) (7). Also, in 1948, he founded and became president of the Polish Society of Mental Hygiene. In December 1948, Dabrowski received a six-month Ford Foundation Fellowship and he returned to the United States where he studied mental health, neuropsychiatry and child psychiatry in New York and at Harvard (Kobierzycki, 2000).
Imprisonment under Stalin
In April 1949, the Polish Government, under Stalin, closed the Institute of Mental Hygiene, confiscated the Zagórze - Dwór estate and declared Dabrowski a persona non grata. He and Eugenia attempted to flee. The Polish communists imprisoned Dabrowski in 1950 for some eighteen months (and Eugenia was briefly imprisoned as well). When released, Dabrowski's activities were kept under strict control and he was assigned work in Kobierzyn and later at the Rabka resort, as a tuberculosis physician. In 1956 he was declared "rehabilitated" and was again allowed to teach, securing an associate professorship of at the Catholic Academy of Theology in Warsaw (Kobierzycki, 2000). Dabrowski was able to reinvigorate the Polish Society of Mental Hygiene and in 1962 became its chairman but he was unable to reestablish the Institute and High School of Mental Hygiene (Kobierzycki, 2000).
In 1962, Dabrowski was allowed to travel and with the support of the Ford Foundation he travelled to the United States, France and was able to attend several International psychiatry congresses (e.g., in Spain, France, England, etc.). On his return to Poland, Dabrowski gave lectures at the Catholic University in Lublin (8).
The Sixties: Dabrowski Establishes Roots in North America
In the early 1960's, Jason Aronson, editor of the International Journal of Psychiatry, traveled behind the iron curtain to invite psychiatrists to submit articles for his journal and he met Dabrowski in Poland. In 1964, Dabrowski and Aronson spent two months in New York translating material (9) that became Dabrowski's first major book in English, Positive disintegration, (Dabrowski, 1964b) which Aronson edited and wrote an introduction to. Aronson subsequently published the first chapters of this book in his journal (Aronson, 1966; Dabrowski, 1966).
Dabrowski also visited Canada in 1964 at the invitation of the Ministry of Health in Québec and accepted a position at a hospital in Montréal. While in Montréal he met Andrew Kawczak, a Polish lawyer and subsequent philosopher, who became an important collaborator. Dabrowski's second major English publication, Personality shaping through positive disintegration grew out of discussions with Kawczak and some of Kawczak's graduate students (Dabrowski, 1967). An introduction to this book was written by American learning theorist O. Herbert Mowrer (1907 - 1982). In 1965, Dabrowski secured a visiting professorship at the University of Alberta and moved his family to Edmonton. He also held a visiting professorship at Université Laval (Laval University), Quebec City and gave lectures at Feminina University (10) in Lima Peru where Sister Alvarez Calderon taught Dabrowski's theory.
Kobierzycki (2000, p. 278) indicates that in 1966 "Dabrowski and his family took advantage of Wanda Rohr Foundation de Connecticut and met with Abraham Maslow, who was interested in his theory." Kobierzycki (2000) also says that shortly before his death in 1970, Maslow had arranged an invitation for Dabrowski to become leader of the Institute of Psychology at the University of Cincinnati (11). Maslow and Dabrowski had lengthy discussions and became friends and correspondents. While Maslow's (1970) conceptualization of self-actualization does emphasize developing autonomy, Dabrowski rejected it because it lacked a multilevel perspective and did not differentiate between lower versus higher aspects of the self; Maslow's self was to be actualized as is, with an acceptance of its shortcomings, even its lower level animalistic impulses. In spite of their differences, Maslow endorsed Dabrowski's 1970 book, Mental growth through positive disintegration, saying:
[quote] I consider this to be one of the most important contributions to psychological and psychiatric theory in this whole decade. There is little question in my mind that this book will be read for another decade or two, and very widely. It digs very deep and comes up with extremely important conclusions that will certainly change the course of psychological theorizing and the practice of psychotherapy for some time to come. (Dabrowski, 1972, back cover)
A core group of students formed in Edmonton and several went on to become Dabrowski's coauthors including Dexter Amend, Michael M. Piechowski and Marlene Rankel. In 1969, a series of applications where made to the Canada Council to support scientifically based research on the theory and fund these efforts.
The Seventies: A Final Flurry of Activity
Dabrowski spent his last years teaching, writing and dividing his time between Alberta, Quebec and Poland. Several Polish and English publications were the result of this last flurry of activity, including, Mental growth though positive disintegration (Dabrowski, 1970), Psychoneurosis is not an illness (Dabrowski, 1972), Dynamics of concepts (Dabrowski, 1973) and the two volume Multilevelness of emotional and instinctive functions (Dabrowski, 1996; Dabrowski & Piechowski, 1996). Dabrowski also maintained a hectic lecture schedule, speaking extensively in both Canada and the United States.
It should be noted that English was Dabrowski's last learned language. The majority of his Polish publications (numbering in the hundreds) remain untranslated, however, many of his twenty or so major Polish books were also published in French and Spanish (in addition to his English works, referenced here). There were major Dabrowski centers in Spain and in Lima Peru where in 1970, Dabrowski attended the "Congress of the World Federation of Psychic [Mental] Health" (Kobierzycki, 2000).
During the 1970s, Dabrowski regularly visited Poland. He still maintained his involvement in the Polish Society of Mental Hygiene. "In 1975 he purchased the estate in Aleksandrów bordering to Zagórze and erected buildings with a view to create a scientific and dispensary centre there" (Kobierzycki, 2000, p. 279).
In 1979, Dabrowski had a serious heart attack in Edmonton, but was resolute that he would not die on what he considered foreign soil. Kazimierz Dabrowski returned to Poland and died in Warsaw on November 26, 1980. At his request, Dabrowski was buried beside his friend and fellow physician, Piotr Radlo, in the forest near the Institute at Zagórze. His wife and two daughters survived him.
Dissemination of Dabrowski's Legacy
A memorial conference was held for Dr. Dabrowski in Edmonton in November of 1982. By then, I was a psychologist working with the Government of Alberta; however, over the years, a priority of mine was to keep Dabrowski's theory alive by maintaining an archive containing his original writings, and collections of publications related to his theory. With the development of the world wide web, I established and continue to maintain the Dabrowski website (Tillier, 2008). My efforts at disseminating his legacy have included making his original writings available to interested parties and participating in, and hosting conferences on the theory. Many of Dabrowski's original writings are held at the Library and Archives Canada, Ottawa.
One area where Dabrowski's theory is alive and well is in the study of giftedness and gifted education. In Dabrowski's (1967, 1972) earlier Polish research, he conducted comprehensive examinations and testing of children who displayed superior abilities. He found that every child displayed characteristics suggestive of positive disintegration, including developmental potential and psychoneurosis. Piechowski (1979, 1991) subsequently introduced Dabrowski's concept of overexcitability, a component of developmental potential, to the field of gifted education and over the past 25 years, many research projects and papers have addressed the topic (see Mendaglio & Tillier, 2006).
Dabrowski Conferences
Over the years, many Dabrowski related workshops have been held as well as a number of major conferences, including: Université Laval (Laval University), Quebec City QC (1970), Loyola College, Montreal QC (1972), Miami FL (1980), Warsaw Poland (1987), Keystone CO (1994), Kananaskis AB (1996), Kendall College, Evanston IL (1998), Mont-Tremblant QC (2000), Fort Lauderdale FL (2002) and Calgary AB (2004 and 2006).
An important part of continuing Dabrowski's legacy has been maintaining friendships with former students of Dabrowski, who have contributed to the dissemination of the theory in their own ways.
Scientific memberships
Kazimierz Dabrowski was a member of a number of scientific societies, among others: the French Society Medico-Psychologique (Paris), affiliate of the Royal Medical Society (London), Executive Council of World Federation of Mental Health (Geneva), the Psychologists Association of Alberta (Edmonton), the Corporation des Psychologues (Quebec) and the Polish Psychiatric Association (Warsaw) (Kobierzycki, 2000).
Other accomplishments
Dabrowski was the founder and editor of the Biuletyn Instytutu Higieny Psychicznej, Warsaw, 1937 - 1939, 1946 - 1949, 1958 - 1965. He was also the editor of a scientific and popular series in the field of mental health published by the Instytut Higieny Psychicznej, Warsaw, 1937 - 1939, 1946 - 1949.
Dabrowski's publications number in the hundreds in Polish including some 15 major books. Translations into French, Spanish, German and English have been made of many of these books.
References
Aronson, J. (1964). Introduction. In K. Dabrowski, Positive disintegration (pp. ix-xxviii). Boston: Little Brown and Co.
Aronson, J. (1966). Discussion of K. Dabrowski: the theory of positive disintegration, International Journal of Psychiatry, 2, 244-247.
Dabrowski, K. (1929). Les conditions psychologique du suicide. [The Psychological Conditions of Suicide] Geneva: Imprimerie du Commerce.
Dabrowski, K. (1934a). Podstawy psychologiczne samodraczenia (automutylacji) [Psychological Basis of Self-Mutilation], Warszawa: Lekarskie Towarzystwo Wydawnicze Przyszlola,
Dabrowski, K. (1934b). Behawioryzm i kierunki pokrewne w psychologii. [Behaviourism and related schools in psychology.] Warsaw: Lekarz Polski.
Dabrowski, K. (1935). Nerwowosc dzieci i mlodziez [The nervousness of children and youth.] Warsaw: Nasza Ksiegarnia.
Dabrowski, Casimir (1937). Psychological basis of self mutilation. (W. Thau, Trans.) Genetic Psychology Monographs, 19, 1-104.
Dabrowski, K. (1938). Typy wzmozonej pobudliwoaci psychicznej. [Types of increased psychic excitability]. Biuletyn Instytutu Higieny Psychicznej, 1(1), 12-19.
Dabrowski, K. (1964a). 0 dezyntegracji pozytywnej. [About positive disintegration.] Warszawa: Panstwowy Zaklady Wydawnictw Lekarskich.
Dabrowski, K. (1964b). Positive disintegration. Boston: Little Brown and Co. (Edited and with an introduction by Jason Aronson).
Dabrowski, K. (1966). The theory of positive disintegration. International Journal of Psychiatry, 2(2), 229-244.
Dabrowski, K. (1967). Personality-shaping through positive disintegration. Boston: Little Brown & Co.
Dabrowski, K., (with Kawczak, A., & Piechowski, M. M.). (1970). Mental growth through positive disintegration. London: Gryf Publications.
Dabrowski, K. (1972). Psychoneurosis is not an illness. London: Gryf Publications.
Dabrowski, K., (with Kawczak, A., & Sochanska, J.). (1973). The dynamics of concepts. London: Gryf Publications.
Dabrowski, K. (1975). Foreword. In M. M. Piechowski, A theoretical and empirical approach to the study of development. Genetic Psychology Monographs, 92, (pp. 233-237).
Dabrowski, K. (1996). Multilevelness of emotional and instinctive functions. Part 1: Theory and description of levels of behavior. Lublin, Poland: Towarzystwo Naukowe Katolickiego Uniwersytetu Lubelskiego.
Dabrowski, K. & Piechowski, M. M. (with the assistance of Marlene Rankel and Dexter R. Amend). (1996). Multilevelness of emotional and instinctive functions. Part 2: Types and Levels of Development. Lublin, Poland: Towarzystwo Naukowe Katolickiego Uniwersytetu Lubelskiego.
Kaminski Battaglia, M. M. (2002). A hermeneutic historical study of Kazimierz Dabrowski and his Theory of Positive Disintegration. Unpublished doctoral dissertation. Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Falls Church, Virginia. Available at: http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-04082002-204054/unrestricted/Dissertation.pdf
Maslow, A. H. (1970). Motivation and personality. (2nd ed.). New York: Harper and Row.
Mendaglio, S. (Ed.). (2008). Dabrowski's theory of positive disintegration. Scottsdale AZ: Great Potential Press, Inc.
Mendaglio, S., & Tillier, W. (2006) Dabrowski's Theory of Positive Disintegration and Giftedness: Overexcitability Research Findings. Journal for the Education of the Gifted, 30, p. 68-87.
Piechowski, M. M. (1979). Developmental potential. In N. Colangelo and R. T. Zaffrann (Eds.), New voices in counseling the gifted (pp. 25-57). Dubuque, IA: Kendall Hunt.
Piechowski, M. M. (1991). Emotional development and emotional giftedness. In N. Colangelo and G. Davis (Eds.) Handbook of gifted education (pp. 285-306). Boston, MA: Allyn and Bacon.
Kobierzycki, T. (2000). Summaries: Profesor dr. Kazimierz D?browski (1902-1980). (A. Przyby?ek, Trans.). Heksis: Scientific-didactic quarterly devoted to problems of person, health, creativity and spirituality, 1-3(22-24), 276-279.
Tillier, W. (2007a). Kazimierz Dabrowski: The man. In S. Mendaglio (Ed.). Dabrowski's Theory of Positive Disintegration (pp. 3-11). Scottsdale AZ: Great Potential Press, Inc.
Tillier, W. (2008). Dabrowski Webpage. Retrieved February 22, 2008 from: http://members.shaw.ca/positivedisintegration/
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